FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE LATIN LEAGUE |
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| 509 BC | Establishment of the republic. First consuls. Dedication of Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. |
| 501 | First dictator. |
| 496 | Romans defeat Latins at Lake Regillus. |
| 494 | Traditional date for the institution of the office of tribune of the people. |
| 450 | The Twelve Tables. |
| 443 | First censors. |
| 409 | First plebeian quaestor. |
| 390 | Gauls sack Rome, but withdraw in return for ransom. |
| 367 | First plebeian consul elected. Creation of praetorship. |
| 356 | First plebeian dictator |
| 351 | First plebeian censor. |
| 340 | War against Latins. |
| 338 | Latin league of states dissolved. Campania becomes Roman. |
FROM THE ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT TO THE FIRST PUNIC WAR |
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| 336 | Accession of Alexander the Great, king of Macedon. |
| 335-323 | Campaigns of Alexander the Great. |
| 327-290 | Samnite wars. |
| 323 | Death of Alexander the Great. |
| 321 | Disaster at Caudine Forks. |
| 310 | Roman inroads into Etruria. |
| 308 | Surrender of Umbria. |
| 306 | Establishment of Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. |
| 283 | Final capitulation of Etruscans. |
| 280-275 | Pyrrhus leads Greek cities in south of Italy against Rome. |
| 272 | Surrender of Tarentum and other Greek cities in south. |
| 265 | Rome holds all Italy south of the river Arno. |
| 264 | First show in Rome with gladiators. |
FROM THE FIRST PUNIC WAR TO THE END OF THE THIRD PUNIC WAR |
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| 264-241 | First Punic War. |
| 241 | Western Sicily becomes first Roman province. |
| 239-237 | Rome takes over Corsica and Sardinia. |
| 237 | Hamilcar overruns southern Spain. |
| 227 | The whole of Sicily and Sardinia with Corsica become provinces |
| 221 | Hannibal assumes command of Carthaginian forces. |
| 219 | Hannibal captures Saguntum. |
| 218-202 | Second Punic War. |
| 218 | Hannibal invades Italy. |
| 217 | Hannibal defeats Romans at Lake Trasimene. |
| 216 | Hannibal defeats Romans at Cannae. |
| 211-206 | Scipio’s campaigns in Spain. |
| 203 | Hannibal recalled from Italy. |
| 202 | Battle of Zama. |
| 197 | Spain annexed and divided into two provinces. |
| 191 | Rome completes conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. |
| 184 | Cato elected censor, having been consul in 195. |
| 167 | End of third war against the kingdom of Macedonia, which is now divided into four self-governing regions. |
| 167-160 | Maccabaean revolt in Judaea. |
| 153 | Roman year begins on 1 January. |
| 149-146 | Third Punic War. |
| 146 | Destruction of Carthage. Province of Africa established. |
FROM THE GRACCHI TO THE DEATH OF SULLA |
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| 133 | Tiberius Gracchus is tribune of the people. Pergamum bequeathed to Rome and in 129 becomes the province of Asia. |
| 123-122 | Gaius Gracchus is tribune of the people. |
| 121 | Transalpine Gaul becomes a province. |
| c.115 | Birth of Crassus. |
| 112-106 | Wars against Jugurtha. |
| 107 | First consulship of Marius. |
| 106 | Births of Cicero and Pompey the Great. |
| 105 | Cimbri destroy two Roman armies in Gaul. |
| 102/1 | Marius defeats Teutones and Cimbri. |
| 100 | Birth of Julius Caesar. Sixth consulship of Marius. |
| 91-88 | Social War between Rome and Italian allies, who are effectively tired of fighting for Rome without being treated as Roman citizens. The allies lose the war but gain their point |
| 88 | First consulship of Sulla, who is assigned the command against Mithridates VI, king of Pontus. Motion by P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of the people, to appoint Marius in Sulla’s place. Sulla marches on Rome, his consular colleague is killed, and Marius is outlawed. Mithridates massacres Roman citizens in Asia. Sulla departs for the east with his army. |
| 87 | The consul Cornelius Cinna is deposed and driven out of Rome by his consular colleague, Gnaeus Octavius. Marius and Cinna capture Rome and massacre all opposition. They are elected consuls for 86. |
| 86 | Seventh consulship of Marius (who dies 13 January) and second of Cinna. |
| 85 | Third consulship of Cinna and first of Papirius Carbo. Sulla agrees peace terms with Mithridates. |
| 84 | Fourth consulship of Cinna and second of Carbo. Cinna is murdered by his soldiers while crossing to Asia to confront Sulla. |
| 83 | Sulla lands in Italy, and is joined by Pompey and Crassus. |
| 82 | Consuls are Gaius Marius junior and Carbo. Sulla defeats opposition forces. Marius commits suicide. Sulla proclaimed dictator. Proscriptions. Constitutional reforms. |
| 80 | Sulla resigns as dictator and goes into retirement. |
| 78 | Death of Sulla. The beginning of the end of the republic |